As part of the prairie and oak savanna restoration we are carrying out at Pleasant Valley Conservancy, we have been reseeding areas that have been cleared of undesirable vegetation. All reseeding has been done with locally collected seeds. The seed-collecting dates presented here are based on a five-year record. For species that we have not collected, we have obtained dates from other sources, such as the Dane County Parks Department and the Madison Audubon Society.

Two tables are given here, one organized by seed collecting date, the other by species.

The dates must be considered only a guide. There is considerable year-to-year variability in seed maturation dates, due to variation in weather. There is also site-to-site variability, depending on soil, sun, and competition. The table provides a range of dates when seed collecting might be profitable.

It should be emphasized that considerable experience is needed when deciding if seeds of a given species are ripe. Populations of desired species should be located well ahead of time, while still in flower, and assessed frequently for ripeness. Using our table as a guide, check the seeds early and, if possible, continue checking at half-weekly intervals (weekly intervals at the longest). Maturity should be checked carefully with a fingernail and in some cases with a hand lens.

Some species retain mature seeds for long periods of time, whereas others lose their seeds quickly. The ideal situation for the novice is to work in the field with experienced seed collectors. Volunteering for seed-collecting activities with groups that have a lot of experience, such as the Madison Audubon Society, Dane County Parks, and the Prairie Enthusiasts, is highly recommended.

Seed Collecting Arranged by Date

Here is a PDF printable version.

Seed collecting dates	Latin name	Common name
Late May	Anemone patens	Pasque flower
Late May	Erigeron pulchellus	Robin’s plantain
Late May	Geum triflorum	Prairie smoke
Late May-Early June	Antennaria neglecta	Field pussytoes
Late May-Early June	Antennaria plantaginifolia	Plantain-leaved pussytoes
Late May-Early June	Packera (Senecio) plattensis	Prairie ragwort
Late May-Mid June	Viola pedata	Bird’s foot violet
Early June	Oxalis violacea	Violet wood-sorrel
Early June	Sanguinaria canadensis	Blood root
Early-Mid June	Pedicularis canadensis	Wood betony
Early-Late June	Thalictrum dioicum	Early meadow-rue
Mid June	Ranunculus abortivus	Small-flowered buttercup
Mid June	Saxifraga pensylvanica	Swamp saxifrage
Mid June	Scheuchzeria palustris	Arrow grass
Mid June	Sisyrinchium angustifolium	Narrow-leaved blue-eyed grass
Mid June	Viola canadensis	Tall white violet
Mid June-Early July	Scutellaria sp	Skullcap
Mid June-Early July	Sisyrinchium campestre	Blue-eyed grass
Mid June-Mid July	Aquilegia canadensis	Wild columbine
Mid-Late June	Geranium maculatum	Wild geranium
Mid-Late June	Heuchera richardsonii	Prairie alum-root
Mid-Late June	Lupinus perennis	Wild lupine
Mid-Late June	Packera (Senecio) pauperculus	Balsam ragwort
Mid-Late June	Stipa spartea	Needle grass
Late June-Early July	Krigia biflora	False dandelion (Cynthia)
Late June-Early July	Polemonium reptans	Jacob’s ladder
Late June-Early July	Polygala senega	Seneca snakeroot
Late June-Mid July	Lithospermum incisum	Fringed puccoon
All July	Angelica atropurpurea	Great angelica
Early July	Allium canadense	Wild garlic
Early July	Camassia scilloides	Wild hyacinth
Early July	Ceanothus herbaceous	Inland New Jersey tea
Early July	Comandra umbellata	False toadflax
Early July	Helianthemum bicknellii	Bicknell’s rock rose
Early July	Panicum latifolium	Broad-leaved panic grass
Early-Mid July	Tradescantia ohiensis	Common spiderwort
Early-Mid July	Pediomelum esculentum	Pomme-de-prairie
Mid July	Blephilia ciliata	Downy wood mint
Mid July	Carex pensylvanica	Pennsylvania sedge
Mid July	Carex rosea	Sedge
Mid July	Phlox pilosa	Downy phlox
Mid July-Early August	Actaea rubra	Red baneberry
Mid July-Early August	Lobelia spicata	Pale spiked lobelia
Mid July-Late August	Osmorhiza longistylis	Smooth sweet cicely
Late July	Castilleja coccinea	Indian paintbrush
Late July	Castilleja sessiliflora	Downy paintbrush
Late July	Helianthemum canadense	Rock rose
Late July-Early August	Taenidia integerrima	Yellow pimpernel
Late July-Mid September	Arabis canadensis	Sickle pod
Late July-Mid September	Bromus kalmii	Kalm’s brome
Late July-Mid September	Elymus villosus	Silky wild rye
July-Early August	Dodecatheon meadia	Shooting star
All August	Bromus ciliatus	Fringed brome
All August	Elymus hystrix	Bottlebrush grass
All August	Koeleria macrantha	June grass
Early August	Anemone canadensis	Meadow anemone
Early August	Cicuta maculata	Water-hemlock
Early August	Festuca subverticillata	Nodding fescue
Early August	Galium boreale	Northern bedstraw
Early August	Heliopsis helianthoides	False sunflower (ox-eye)
Early August	Hieracium longipilum	Hairy hawkweed
Early August	Lathyrus venosus	Veiny pea
Early August	Lithospermum canescens	Hoary puccoon
Early August	Opuntia humifusa	Prickly-pear cactus
Early August	Penstemon grandiflorus	Large bear-tongue
Early August	Scrophularia marilandica	Late figwort
Early August	Zigadenus elegans glaucus	White camas lily
Early August	Zizia aptera	Heart-leaved golden alexander
August-Early September	Agrimonia gryposepala	Tall agrimony
August-Mid September	Desmodium glutinosum	Pointed tick-trefoil
Early August-Early September	Desmodium illinoense	Illinois tick-trefoil
Early August-Mid September	Thalictrum dasycarpum	Purple meadow-rue
Early August-Mid September	Zizia aurea	Golden Alexander
Mid August	Bouteloua hirsuta	Hairy grama
Mid August	Geum canadense	White avens
Mid August	Potentilla argentea	Silvery cinquefoil
Mid August	Spartina pectinata	Prairie cord grass
Mid August-Early October	Bouteloua curtipendula	Side oats grama
Mid August-Early October	Potentilla arguta	Prairie cinquefoil
Mid August-Early September	Actaea alba	White baneberry
Mid August-Early September	Baptisia alba	White wild indigo
Mid August-Early September	Cryptotaenia canadensis	Honewort
Mid August-Mid October	Oenothera biennis	Common evening-primrose
Mid August-Mid October	Polygonatum biflorum	Smooth Solomon’s seal
Mid August-Mid September	Campanula rotundifolia	Harebell
Mid August-Mid September	Euphorbia corollata	Flowering spurge
Mid August-Late October	Linum medium texanum	Small yellow flax
Mid August-Late October	Smilacina racemosa	False Solomon’s seal
Mid August-Late September	Monarda fistulosa	Wild bergamot
Mid August-Late September	Phryma leptostachya	Lopseed
Late August	Eragrostis spectabilis	Purple Lovegrass
Late August- Early October	Elymus riparius	Woodland rye
Late August-Early October	Anemone cylindrica	Thimbleweed
Late August-Early October	Bromus altissimus	Woodland brome
Late August-Early October	Panicum virgatum	Switch grass
Late August-Early October	Parthenium integrifolium	Wild quinine
Late August-Mid September	Cirsium muticum	Swamp thistle
Late August-Mid September	Napaea dioica	Glade mallow
Late August-Mid September	Polygala sp	Milkwort
Late August-Mid September	Teucrium canadense	Germander
Late August-Late September	Silphium perfoliatum	Cup plant
Late August-Late September	Sporobolus heterolepis	Prairie dropseed
Late August-Late September	Verbena hastata	Blue vervain
Late August-Late September	Verbena urticifolia	White vervain
Late August-Late September	Veronicastrum virginicum	Culver’s root
Late August-October	Anemone virginiana	Tall anemone
Late August-October	Hieracium kalmii	Canada hawkweed
Late August-September	Allium cernuum	Nodding wild onion
Late August-September	Amorpha canescens	Lead-plant
Late August-September	Dalea candida	White prairie clover
Late August-September	Dalea purpureum	Purple prairie clover
Late August-September	Desmodium canadense	Showy tick-trefoil
Late September-October	Agastache nepetoides	Yellow giant hyssop
All September	Arisaema triphyllum	Jack-in-the-pulpit
All September	Arnoglossum atriplicifolium	Pale Indian-plantain
All September	Astragalus canadensis	Milk vetch
All September	Goodyera sp	Rattlesnake plantain
All September	Kuhnia eupatorioides	False boneset
Early September	Agastache foeniculum	Blue giant hyssop
Early September	Baptisia bracteata	Cream wild indigo
Early September	Chamaecrista fasciculata	Golden cassia
Early September	Echinacea pallida	Pale purple coneflower
Early September	Elymus canadensis	Canada wild rye
Early September	Helianthus strumosus	Woodland sunflower
Early September	Lactuca canadensis	Wild lettuce
Early September	Polygonum virginianum	Woodland knotweed
Early September	Polytaenia nuttallii	Prairie parsley
Early September-Early October	Eupatorium maculatum	Spotted Joe-Pye-weed
Early September-Early October	Eupatorium perfoliatum	Common boneset
Early September-Early October	Verbena stricta	Hoary vervain
Early September-Mid October	Silphium integrifolium	Rosinweed
Early September-Late October	Pycnanthemum virginianum	Common mountain mint
Early-Mid September	Silphium terebinthinaceum	Prairie dock
Early-Mid September	Tephrosia virginiana	Goat’s-rue
Early-Late September	Silphium laciniatum	Compass plant
Mid September	Aralia racemosa	Spikenard
Mid September	Carex bicknellii	Bicknell’s sedge
Mid September	Gaura biennis	Gaura
Mid September	Monarda punctata	Dotted horsemint
Mid September	Panax quinquefolium	Ginseng
Mid September	Phlox glaberrima	Smooth phlox
Mid September	Physalis virginiana	Ground cherry
Mid September-Early October	Eryngium yuccifolium	Rattlesnake master
Mid September-Early October	Liatris aspera	Rough blazing star
Mid September-Early October	Liatris cylindracea	Dwarf blazing star
Mid September-Early October	Liatris pycnostachya	Prairie blazing star
Mid September-Mid October	Lobelia siphilitica	Great blue lobelia
Mid September-Mid October	Rosa sp.	Rose
Mid September-Mid October	Rudbeckia hirta	Black-eyed Susan
Mid September-Mid October	Sorghastrum nutans	Indian grass
Mid September-Late October	Solidago ptarmacoides	Stiff aster
Mid September-Late October	Triosteum perfoliatum	Early horse gentian
Mid-Late September	Asclepias verticillata	Whorled milkweed
Mid-Late September	Asclepias viridiflora	Short green milkweed
Mid-Late September	Eupatorium purpureum	Purple joe-pye weed
Mid-Late September	Gnaphalium obtusifolium	Old field balsam
Mid-Late September	Lysimachia ciliata	Fringed loosestrife
Mid-September	Amphicarpaea bracteata	Hog peanut
Mid-September	Apocynum cannabinum	Hemp-dogbane
Mid-September	Pyrola sp	Shinleaf
Late September	Asclepias incarnata	Swamp milkweed
Late September	Cirsium altissimum	Woodland thistle
Late September	Cirsium discolor	Pasture thistle
Late September	Hasteola suaveolens	Sweet Indian plantain
Late September	Helianthus occidentalis	Naked-stemmed sunflower
Late September	Helianthus pauciflorus	Prairie sunflower
Late September	Campanula americana	Tall bellflower
Late September-Early October	Eupatorium sessilifolium	Woodland boneset
Late September-Early October	Helianthus grosseserratus	Saw-toothed sunflower
Late September-Mid October	Vernonia fasciculata	Common ironweed
Late September-Late October	Prenanthes alba	Lion’s foot
Late September-Late October	Schizachyrium scoparium	Little bluestem
Late September-October	Andropogon gerardii	Big bluestem
Late September-October	Asclepias syriaca	Common milkweed
Late September-October	Asclepias tuberosa	Butterfly weed
Late September-October	Aureolaria grandiflora	Yellow false foxglove
Late September-October	Chelone glabra	Turtlehead
Late September-October	Coreopsis palmata	Prairie tickseed
Late September-October	Gentiana andrewsii	Bottle gentian
Late September-October	Helenium autumnale	Sneezeweed
Late September-October	Hypericum pyramidatum	Great St. John’s wort
September-Early October	Lespedeza capitata	Round-headed bush clover
September-Early October	Ratibida pinnata	Yellow coneflower
September-Mid October	Ceanothus americanus	New Jersey tea
All October	Asclepias exaltata	Poke milkweed
All October	Cypripedium calceolus pubescens	Large yellow lady-slipper
All October	Lilium michiganense	Turk’s cap lily
All October	Lobelia cardinalis	Cardinal flower
All October	Pedicularis lanceolata	Swamp betony (lousewort)
All October	Rudbeckia triloba	Brown-eyed Susan
Early October	Asclepias purpurascens	Purple milkweed
Early October	Eupatorium altissimum	Upland boneset
Early October	Smilax herbacea herbacea	Carrion flower
Early October	Viburnum prunifolium	Black haw
Mid October	Bidens sp	Beggar’s tick
Mid October	Euthamia graminifolia	Grass-leaved goldenrod
Mid October	Liatris spicata	Dense gay-feather
Mid October	Prenanthes crepidinea	Great white-lettuce
Mid October-Early November	Solidago nemoralis	Old-field goldenrod (grey; dye
Mid-Late October	Aster novae-angliae	New England aster
Mid-Late October	Aster oolentangiensis	Sky-blue aster
Mid-Late October	Aster puniceus	Swamp aster
Mid-Late October	Aster sagittifolius	Arrow-leaved aster
Mid-Late October	Aster sericeus	Silky aster
Mid-Late October	Lilium philadelphicum	Wood lily
Mid-Late October	Solidago rigida	Stiff goldenrod
Mid-Late October	Gentianella quinquefolia	Stiff gentian
Late October	Aster ericoides	Heath aster
Late October	Aster laevis	Smooth blue aster
Late October-Early November	Aster lateriflorus	Side flowering aster
Late October-Early November	Elymus virginicus	Virginia wild rye
Late October-Early November	Solidago flexicaulis	Zig zag goldenrod
October	Solidago juncea	Early goldenrod
October	Solidago missouriensis	Missouri goldenrod
October-Early November	Solidago speciosa	Showy goldenrod
October-Early November	Solidago ulmifolia	Elm-leaved goldenrod
Early November	Gentiana alba	Cream gentian
Early November	Lobelia inflata	Indian tobacco

Seed Collecting Arranged by Species

Here is a PDF printable version

Latin name	Common name	Seed collecting dates
Actaea alba	White baneberry	Mid August-Early September
Actaea rubra	Red baneberry	Mid July-Early August
Agastache foeniculum	Blue giant hyssop	Early September
Agastache nepetoides	Yellow giant hyssop	Late September-October
Agrimonia gryposepala	Tall agrimony	August-Early September
Allium canadense	Wild garlic	Early July
Allium cernuum	Nodding wild onion	Late August-September
Amorpha canescens	Lead-plant	Late August-September
Amphicarpaea bracteata	Hog peanut	Mid-September
Andropogon gerardii	Big bluestem	Late September-October
Anemone canadensis	Meadow anemone	Early August
Anemone cylindrica	Thimbleweed	Late August-Early October
Anemone patens	Pasque flower	Late May
Anemone virginiana	Tall anemone	Late August-October
Angelica atropurpurea	Great angelica	All July
Antennaria neglecta	Field pussytoes	Late May-Early June
Antennaria plantaginifolia	Plantain-leaved pussytoes	Late May-Early June
Apocynum cannabinum	Hemp-dogbane	Mid-September
Aquilegia canadensis	Wild columbine	Mid June-Mid July
Arabis canadensis	Sickle pod	Late July-Mid September
Aralia racemosa	Spikenard	Mid September
Arisaema triphyllum	Jack-in-the-pulpit	All September
Arnoglossum atriplicifolium	Pale Indian-plantain	All September
Asclepias exaltata	Poke milkweed	All October
Asclepias incarnata	Swamp milkweed	Late September
Asclepias purpurascens	Purple milkweed	Early October
Asclepias syriaca	Common milkweed	Late September-October
Asclepias tuberosa	Butterfly weed	Late September-October
Asclepias verticillata	Whorled milkweed	Mid-Late September
Asclepias viridiflora	Short green milkweed	Mid-Late September
Aster ericoides	Heath aster	Late October
Aster laevis	Smooth blue aster	Late October
Aster lateriflorus	Side flowering aster	Late October-Early November
Aster novae-angliae	New England aster	Mid-Late October
Aster oolentangiensis	Sky-blue aster	Mid-Late October
Aster puniceus	Swamp aster	Mid-Late October
Aster sagittifolius	Arrow-leaved aster	Mid-Late October
Aster sericeus	Silky aster	Mid-Late October
Astragalus canadensis	Milk vetch	All September
Aureolaria grandiflora	Yellow false foxglove	Late September-October
Baptisia alba	White wild indigo	Mid August-Early September
Baptisia bracteata	Cream wild indigo	Early September
Bidens sp	Beggar’s tick	Mid October
Blephilia ciliata	Downy wood mint	Mid July
Bouteloua curtipendula	Side oats grama	Mid August-Early October
Bouteloua hirsuta	Hairy grama	Mid August
Bromus altissimus	Woodland brome	Late August-Early October
Bromus ciliatus	Fringed brome	All August
Bromus kalmii	Kalm’s brome	Late July-Mid September
Camassia scilloides	Wild hyacinth	Early July
Campanula americana	Tall bellflower	Late September
Campanula rotundifolia	Harebell	Mid August-Mid September
Carex bicknellii	Bicknell’s sedge	Mid September
Carex pensylvanica	Pennsylvania sedge	Mid July
Carex rosea	Sedge	Mid July
Castilleja coccinea	Indian paintbrush	Late July
Castilleja sessiliflora	Downy paintbrush	Late July
Ceanothus americanus	New Jersey tea	September-Mid October
Ceanothus herbaceous	Inland New Jersey tea	Early July
Chamaecrista fasciculata	Golden cassia	Early September
Chelone glabra	Turtlehead	Late September-October
Cicuta maculata	Water-hemlock	Early August
Cirsium altissimum	Woodland thistle	Late September
Cirsium discolor	Pasture thistle	Late September
Cirsium muticum	Swamp thistle	Late August-Mid September
Comandra umbellata	False toadflax	Early July
Coreopsis palmata	Prairie tickseed	Late September-October
Cryptotaenia canadensis	Honewort	Mid August-Early September
Cypripedium calceolus pubescens	Large yellow lady-slipper	All October
Dalea candida	White prairie clover	Late August-September
Dalea purpureum	Purple prairie clover	Late August-September
Desmodium canadense	Showy tick-trefoil	Late August-September
Desmodium glutinosum	Pointed tick-trefoil	August-Mid September
Desmodium illinoense	Illinois tick-trefoil	Early August-Early September
Dodecatheon meadia	Shooting star	July-Early August
Echinacea pallida	Pale purple coneflower	Early September
Elymus canadensis	Canada wild rye	Early September
Elymus hystrix	Bottlebrush grass	All August
Elymus riparius	Woodland rye	Late August- Early October
Elymus villosus	Silky wild rye	Late July-Mid September
Elymus virginicus	Virginia wild rye	Late October-Early November
Eragrostis spectabilis	Purple Lovegrass	Late August
Erigeron pulchellus	Robin’s plantain	Late May
Eryngium yuccifolium	Rattlesnake master	Mid September-Early October
Eupatorium altissimum	Upland boneset	Early October
Eupatorium maculatum	Spotted Joe-Pye-weed	Early September-Early October
Eupatorium perfoliatum	Common boneset	Early September-Early October
Eupatorium purpureum	Purple joe-pye weed	Mid-Late September
Eupatorium sessilifolium	Woodland boneset	Late September-Early October
Euphorbia corollata	Flowering spurge	Mid August-Mid September
Euthamia graminifolia	Grass-leaved goldenrod	Mid October
Festuca subverticillata	Nodding fescue	Early August
Galium boreale	Northern bedstraw	Early August
Gaura biennis	Gaura	Mid September
Gentiana alba	Cream gentian	Early November
Gentiana andrewsii	Bottle gentian	Late September-October
Gentianella quinquefolia	Stiff gentian	Mid-Late October
Geranium maculatum	Wild geranium	Mid-Late June
Geum canadense	White avens	Mid August
Geum triflorum	Prairie smoke	Late May
Gnaphalium obtusifolium	Old field balsam	Mid-Late September
Goodyera sp	Rattlesnake plantain	All September
Hasteola suaveolens	Sweet Indian plantain	Late September
Helenium autumnale	Sneezeweed	Late September-October
Helianthemum bicknellii	Bicknell’s rock rose	Early July
Helianthemum canadense	Rock rose	Late July
Helianthus grosseserratus	Saw-toothed sunflower	Late September-Early October
Helianthus occidentalis	Naked-stemmed sunflower	Late September
Helianthus pauciflorus	Prairie sunflower	Late September
Helianthus strumosus	Woodland sunflower	Early September
Heliopsis helianthoides	False sunflower (ox-eye)	Early August
Heuchera richardsonii	Prairie alum-root	Mid-Late June
Hieracium kalmii	Canada hawkweed	Late August-October
Hieracium longipilum	Hairy hawkweed	Early August
Hypericum pyramidatum	Great St. John’s wort	Late September-October
Koeleria macrantha	June grass	All August
Krigia biflora	False dandelion (Cynthia)	Late June-Early July
Kuhnia eupatorioides	False boneset	All September
Lactuca canadensis	Wild lettuce	Early September
Lathyrus venosus	Veiny pea	Early August
Lespedeza capitata	Round-headed bush clover	September-Early October
Liatris aspera	Rough blazing star	Mid September-Early October
Liatris cylindracea	Dwarf blazing star	Mid September-Early October
Liatris pycnostachya	Prairie blazing star	Mid September-Early October
Liatris spicata	Dense gay-feather	Mid October
Lilium michiganense	Turk’s cap lily	All October
Lilium philadelphicum	Wood lily	Mid-Late October
Linum medium texanum	Small yellow flax	Mid August-Late October
Lithospermum canescens	Hoary puccoon	Early August
Lithospermum incisum	Fringed puccoon	Late June-Mid July
Lobelia cardinalis	Cardinal flower	All October
Lobelia inflata	Indian tobacco	Early November
Lobelia siphilitica	Great blue lobelia	Mid September-Mid October
Lobelia spicata	Pale spiked lobelia	Mid July-Early August
Lupinus perennis	Wild lupine	Mid-Late June
Lysimachia ciliata	Fringed loosestrife	Mid-Late September
Monarda fistulosa	Wild bergamot	Mid August-Late September
Monarda punctata	Dotted horsemint	Mid September
Napaea dioica	Glade mallow	Late August-Mid September
Oenothera biennis	Common evening-primrose	Mid August-Mid October
Opuntia humifusa	Prickly-pear cactus	Early August
Osmorhiza longistylis	Smooth sweet cicely	Mid July-Late August
Oxalis violacea	Violet wood-sorrel	Early June
Packera (Senecio) pauperculus	Balsam ragwort	Mid-Late June
Packera (Senecio) plattensis	Prairie ragwort	Late May-Early June
Panax quinquefolium	Ginseng	Mid September
Panicum latifolium	Broad-leaved panic grass	Early July
Panicum virgatum	Switch grass	Late August-Early October
Parthenium integrifolium	Wild quinine	Late August-Early October
Pedicularis canadensis	Wood betony	Early-Mid June
Pedicularis lanceolata	Swamp betony (lousewort)	All October
Pediomelum esculentum	Pomme-de-prairie	Early-Mid July
Penstemon grandiflorus	Large bear-tongue	Early August
Phlox glaberrima	Smooth phlox	Mid September
Phlox pilosa	Downy phlox	Mid July
Phryma leptostachya	Lopseed	Mid August-Late September
Physalis virginiana	Ground cherry	Mid September
Polemonium reptans	Jacob’s ladder	Late June-Early July
Polygala senega	Seneca snakeroot	Late June-Early July
Polygala sp	Milkwort	Late August-Mid September
Polygonatum biflorum	Smooth Solomon’s seal	Mid August-Mid October
Polygonum virginianum	Woodland knotweed	Early September
Polytaenia nuttallii	Prairie parsley	Early September
Potentilla argentea	Silvery cinquefoil	Mid August
Potentilla arguta	Prairie cinquefoil	Mid August-Early October
Prenanthes alba	Lion’s foot	Late September-Late October
Prenanthes crepidinea	Great white-lettuce	Mid October
Pycnanthemum virginianum	Common mountain mint	Early September-Late October
Pyrola sp	Shinleaf	Mid-September
Ranunculus abortivus	Small-flowered buttercup	Mid June
Ratibida pinnata	Yellow coneflower	September-Early October
Rosa sp.	Rose	Mid September-Mid October
Rudbeckia hirta	Black-eyed Susan	Mid September-Mid October
Rudbeckia triloba	Brown-eyed Susan	All October
Sanguinaria canadensis	Blood root	Early June
Saxifraga pensylvanica	Swamp saxifrage	Mid June
Scheuchzeria palustris	Arrow grass	Mid June
Schizachyrium scoparium	Little bluestem	Late September-Late October
Scrophularia marilandica	Late figwort	Early August
Scutellaria sp	Skullcap	Mid June-Early July
Silphium integrifolium	Rosinweed	Early September-Mid October
Silphium laciniatum	Compass plant	Early-Late September
Silphium perfoliatum	Cup plant	Late August-Late September
Silphium terebinthinaceum	Prairie dock	Early-Mid September
Sisyrinchium angustifolium	Narrow-leaved blue-eyed grass	Mid June
Sisyrinchium campestre	Blue-eyed grass	Mid June-Early July
Smilacina racemosa	False Solomon’s seal	Mid August-Late October
Smilax herbacea herbacea	Carrion flower	Early October
Solidago flexicaulis	Zig zag goldenrod	Late October-Early November
Solidago juncea	Early goldenrod	October
Solidago missouriensis	Missouri goldenrod	October
Solidago nemoralis	Old-field goldenrod (grey; dye	Mid October-Early November
Solidago ptarmacoides	Stiff aster	Mid September-Late October
Solidago rigida	Stiff goldenrod	Mid-Late October
Solidago speciosa	Showy goldenrod	October-Early November
Solidago ulmifolia	Elm-leaved goldenrod	October-Early November
Sorghastrum nutans	Indian grass	Mid September-Mid October
Spartina pectinata	Prairie cord grass	Mid August
Sporobolus heterolepis	Prairie dropseed	Late August-Late September
Stipa spartea	Needle grass	Mid-Late June
Taenidia integerrima	Yellow pimpernel	Late July-Early August
Tephrosia virginiana	Goat’s-rue	Early-Mid September
Teucrium canadense	Germander	Late August-Mid September
Thalictrum dasycarpum	Purple meadow-rue	Early August-Mid September
Thalictrum dioicum	Early meadow-rue	Early-Late June
Tradescantia ohiensis	Common spiderwort	Early-Mid July
Triosteum perfoliatum	Early horse gentian	Mid September-Late October
Verbena hastata	Blue vervain	Late August-Late September
Verbena stricta	Hoary vervain	Early September-Early October
Verbena urticifolia	White vervain	Late August-Late September
Vernonia fasciculata	Common ironweed	Late September-Mid October
Veronicastrum virginicum	Culver’s root	Late August-Late September
Viburnum prunifolium	Black haw	Early October
Viola canadensis	Tall white violet	Mid June
Viola pedata	Bird’s foot violet	Late May-Mid June
Zigadenus elegans glaucus	White camas lily	Early August
Zizia aptera	Heart-leaved golden alexander	Early August
Zizia aurea	Golden Alexander	Early August-Mid September